Showing posts with label European Semester. Show all posts
Showing posts with label European Semester. Show all posts

Tuesday, 23 May 2017

Denmark in EU theme collected

Here is a compilation of posts on my three Euroblogs regarding Denmark in the European Union.

Eurooppaoikeus (in Finnish)




Grahnblawg (in Swedish)




Grahnlaw (in English)




Grahnblawg (in Swedish)





Grahnlaw (in English)





Country-specific recommendation

Just after the blog series on Denmark, the European Commission presented its 2017 spring package, based on the National Reform Programme and the Convergence Programme, together with the Commission’s spring forecast 2017, but roughly a summary of the country report we discussed earlier:

Recommendation for a COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on the 2017 National Reform Programme of Denmark and delivering a Council opinion on the 2017 Convergence Programme of Denmark; Brussels, 22.5.2017 COM(2017) 504 final

In the end, the Commission wants the Council to issue  one country-specific recommendation to Denmark: Foster competition in the domestically oriented services sector.


Ralf Grahn

Saturday, 13 May 2017

European Semester: Country Report Denmark 2017

We started looking at the Danish economy at the beginning of the European Semester 2017 in the blog entry European Semester 2017 start: Denmark.

I hope that the European Commission manages to inspire, and that politicians, civil servants, interest groups and activists with the right priorities use benchmarking exercises, such as the European Semester, in order to profit from an outside view and clear suggestions for reform steps and corrections.


Assessment of progress

In February 2017 the European Commission published the overview communication:
2017 European Semester: Assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews under Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011; Brussels, 22.2.2017 COM(2017) 90 final (27 pages)

Amidst a generally improving outlook, the communication summarises the progress in implementing reforms and in addressing the imbalances in member states’ economies (p. 2), initially in broad terms, later selectively highlighting promising reforms in individual countries and finally reporting country by country on findings from in-depth-reviews (p. 24-27).

In 2017 Denmark is one of 14 EU member states not selected for and in-depth review (IDR) (p.8).


Country Report Denmark

The communication was accompanied by a detailed Commission staff working document (SWD) providing a wealth of information concerning each member state, such as for Denmark:

Country Report Denmark 2017; Brussels, 22.2.2017 SWD(2017) 70 final (52 pages)  

A summary of main findings and policy challenges (p. 2-3) spurs the reader on to the detailed analysis of how to boost investment, pursue structural reforms and ensure  responsible fiscal policies.

Denmark’s economic policy challenges include surging house prices in urban areas, large household debt, groups at the margins of labour markets, vocational and ICT skills shortages, integrating refugees into labour markets, improving school performance of pupils with first and second generation migrant background, reigniting productivity growth, inadequate start-up and scale-up performance and enhancing competition in services markets.

Those most interested in a quick general view are rewarded by the one page Table 1.1 on key economic, financial and social indicators (p. 11).

Box 3.3.1 on page 28 highlights the flexicurity theme, including how the system has been tweaked in order to encourage employment.     
With regard to entrepreneurship and the lack of start-up and scale-up performance mentioned earlier, I want to highlight Scale-Up Denmark (quote from page 32):

Scale-up Denmark is currently the largest Scandinavian accelerator programme. The objectives of this programme are (1) to increase the number of high-growth startups; (2) to provide established companies with innovation opportunities; (3) to build next-generation serial innovators; and (4) to develop self-sustaining ecosystems that persist without public funding.

The overview table (from page 41) offers a clear picture of progress on 2016 country-specific recommendations (CSRs) and towards Europe 2020 targets.


Ralf Grahn

European Semester 2017 start: Denmark

Last autumn the European Commission launched the European Semester 2017 by publishing the:
Annual Growth Survey 2017; Brussels, 16.11.2016 COM(2016) 725 final (16 pages)

The Annual Growth Survey (AGS) offered a summary of the Commission’s priorities at EU level and the need for action at the national level in order to promote investment, structural reforms and responsible public finances in 2017 and beyond. However, the AGS did not mention individual countries.

Against the broad AGS background, the Commission analysed individual member states in the:
Alert Mechanism Report 2017; Brussels, 16.11.2016 COM(2016) 728 final (47 pages)    

A summary of Denmark is presented on the pages 26-27 of the Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) 2017, with the macroeconomic imbalance procedure (MIP) at least postponed:   

Overall, the economic reading points to possible issues related to private debt and the housing sector, but risks still appear contained. Therefore, the Commission will at this stage not carry out further in-depth analysis in the context of the MIP.

The AGS was accompanied by the mandatory:
Draft Joint Employment Report; Brussels, 16.11.2016 COM(2016) 729 final (83 pages)

Flexicurity being almost a trademark of Denmark, Danish representatives probably saw it as indirect praise, when the draft Joint Employment Report (JER) underlined that reforms promoting resilient and inclusive labour markets must continue in the European Union countries, stimulating job creation and labour market participation while properly combining flexibility and adequate security (page 3).

But the youth unemployment rate and the rate of thosen not in employment, education or training (NEET rate) had risen in Denmark (p. 17). In the summary of the scoreboard of key employment and social indicators (p. 18) Denmark performed better than average regarding the unemployment rate, the at-risk-of-poverty rate, inequality (S80/S20 =  the ratio between the incomes of the 20% of the population with the highest incomes and the incomes of the 20% with lowest incomes) and was among the best performers with regard to gross disposable household income.


Ralf Grahn

Sunday, 9 April 2017

Promised report on integration of Single Market

In the entry Annual Growth Survey 2015 without Single Market integration report we found no follower to the 2013 and 2014 reports.
The integration reports had been based on the promise of annual reports and their function, made by the European Commission in the communication Better governance for the Single Market; Brussels, 8.6.2012 COM(2012) 259 final (page 5):

To this end, the Commission will prepare an Annual report on the integration of the Single Market. This report will present an analysis of the state of Single Market integration and look at the way the Single Market functions in practice, in particular in key areas and for key market actors, including businesses and consumers. To the maximum extent, it will measure how well the Single Market functions in these areas by making use of concrete benchmarks.
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The Annual Report will be part of the Annual Growth Survey, so as to be discussed by the Council and the European Parliament and be endorsed by the Spring European Council. The Annual report will contribute to the definition of country-specific recommendations, which will be based on a more in-depth analysis of performance in each Member State, in the context of the European semester process.

The blog posts Single Market integration 2013 report and Second Single Market integration report 2014 had told us that the European Parliament resolution P7_TA(2013)0054 had requested a legal act on Single Market governance and the resolution P7_TA(2014)0130 had reminded the Commission and explicitly called for the establishment of a Single Market Pillar of the European Semester.

If the Commission informs us about its response, we can return to the single market integration report as part of the Annual Growth Survey.


Ralf Grahn

Saturday, 8 April 2017

Annual Growth Survey 2015 without Single Market integration report

We took leave of the first and the second Single Market Act, and the second Barroso Commission, through the blog posts Tracing Single Market Act proposals and Latest Single Market Act blog entries.
Still interested in improvement and governance of the internal market, in the entries Single Market integration 2013 report and Second Single Market integration report 2014 we saw that the Council and the European Parliament welcomed the integration reports, while calling for improvements.

The Parliament had even formally requested a legally binding act with detailed data, establishing  a Single Market Pillar for the European Semester and the Annual Growth Survey, as related in my Swedish blog post Europaparlamentet om styrningen av den inre marknaden.   


Juncker Commission: AGS 2015

After the elections to the European Parliament, the new Commission, headed by Jean-Claude Juncker, assumed office 1 November 2014. Soon after that, the Commission started the 2015 European Semester, by publishing its first Annual Growth Survey (AGS):

Annual Growth Survey 2015; Brussels, 28.11.2014 COM(2014) 902 final (20 pages)   

Based on an integrated approach, the Commission recommended three main pillars for the EU's economic and social policy in 2015 (pages 4-5):

  • A coordinated boost to investment
  • A renewed commitment to structural reforms
  • Pursuing fiscal responsibility

But it was not immediately clear what the Commission meant by streamlining and reinforcing the European Semester process (page 5):

To implement the logic of the new integrated approach, the Commission proposes to streamline and reinforce the European Semester of economic policy coordination in support of the three pillars.

The renewed commitment to structural reforms (Section 3, from page 9) started with these general remarks:

Making the European economy more competitive and ensuring the right regulatory environment for long-term investment is crucial for growth. Structural reforms can help to attract private productive investment, particularly in network industries and smart manufacturing where investment needs are high. At EU level, this requires further deepening of the single market and avoiding unduly burdensome regulations, particularly for small and medium sized enterprises, improving access to finance and ensuring the quality of investment in research and innovation. At Member State level, these efforts have to be complemented by an ambitious implementation of structural reforms of product, services and labour markets.

Deepening and widening the internal market (single market) was very much on the Commission’s mind, as presented after each of these paragraph introductions for removing key barriers at EU level:

  • Implementing the single market in goods and services is a priority.
  • The Digital Single Market is essential for jobs, growth and innovation.
  • Further structural reforms in energy markets are necessary to achieve a resilient Energy Union with a forward-looking climate change policy
  • Ambitious action is required to ensure an EU regulatory framework supportive of jobs, growth and investment.

Regarding structural reforms at member state level, internal market substance and governance came to the fore in point four (page 13):

4. Improving the flexibility of product and services markets. Modernising the functioning of network industries, upgrading infrastructure capacity and further opening services sectors remains a challenge for most Member States, as shown the country-specific recommendation issued to the Member States in 2014, which put the focus on measures to improve the functioning of their network industries and to enhance competition in product and services sectors, notably as regards regulated professions. Effective enforcement of consumer legislation can also increase trust and create demand in the single market.

EU legislation provides a framework for modernisation at national level, and for making Europe more attractive and competitive as a whole. Member States have undertaken numerous reforms in the services sector following the entry into force of the Services Directive in 2006, but progress has been more uneven recently. The full implementation of the Services Directive would significantly improve the functioning of the single market for services and could lead to an economic gain of up to 1.6% of EU GDP in the long run on top of the 0.8% of EU GDP under the current level of implementation. The overall persistence of a high number of exceptions to the general principles foreseen by the Directive, together with lengthy reform processes in a number of Member States, are still weighing on the full implementation of the Directive and thus do not allow reaping its full benefits. Stepping up national reforms should focus on removing the following barriers: (i) disproportionate and unjustified authorisation requirements in some Member States, notably legal form and shareholding requirements; (ii) lack of clarity of domestic legislation as to the rules applicable to businesses providing cross-border services; (iii) lack of mutual recognition; (iv) cumbersome administrative procedures, with scope for improving the performance of the Points of Single Contact; (iv) uneven progress on the ongoing mutual evaluation of professional regulations and reforms of regulated professions; (v) remaining obstacles to the free movement of goods. The Commission will continue to work closely with the Member States to remove these barriers.

However, while discussing streamlining and reinforcing the European Semester (pages 16-17), the Commission said nothing about the single market integration report or a single market pillar for the Annual Growth Survey and European Semester. Neither did the more detailed annex on pages 18-19 or the graphic presentation on page 20.  

If we look at the Commission’s Europe 2020 web pages, we find that the Annual Growth Survey 2015 page mentions the following documents besides the 2015 AGS: the Alert Mechanism Report, its statistical annex, the Joint Employment Report, the annexes to the Joint Employment Report, as well as views from the social partners ETUC and European cross-industry employers.

Thus, it looks as if the 2015 report on single market integration as a part of the Annual Growth Survey (and the European Semester exercise) disappeared without a trace, despite the welcome and wishes for further improvement expressed by the Council and the European Parliament regarding the first (2013) and the second (2014) integration reports.


Ralf Grahn

Saturday, 1 April 2017

Second Single Market integration report 2014

The second Annual Growth Survey (AGS) related report on the state of single market integration, for 2014, came under a slightly different name than the first one, presented in the blog post Single Market integration 2013 report:

A Single Market for Growth and Jobs: an analysis of progress made and remaining obstacles in the member states - Contribution to the Annual Growth Survey 2014; Brussels, 13.11.2013 COM(2013) 785 final (24 pages)   

The Commission started by underlining the need for deep structural reforms in Europe.  It recalled the proposals at EU level, but quickly brought on the need for internal market rules to work in practice (page 1):

The Single Market Acts I and II lay down a set of legislative proposals and other measures to boost growth and employment in Europe. The Commission has also issued recent proposals to further complete the digital Single Market. Swift adoption of all remaining proposals is needed to effectively unlock the full potential of the Single Market and make the Single Market fit for the 21st century.

For the Single Market to function well however, reforming the EU legislative framework is not sufficient. For citizens, consumers and businesses to effectively reap the benefits of the Single Market, rules must work in practice. Vigorous and consistent efforts are needed to ensure that markets function well and remaining barriers are lifted.

The aim of the report on single market integration was then presented, the focus shifting to the internal market reforms in the member states, where businesses and consumers feel the effects of obstacles (page 1):

This report aims at reviewing in the context of the Europe 2020 strategy the way the Single Market functions within the various Member States. It takes stock of where progress has been made since the start of the crisis and seeks to identify where bottlenecks remain and defines a set of policy priorities on that basis. The report thus contributes to the overall priorities set in the Commission's Annual Growth Survey 2014, and to the further identification of country-specific recommendations in the context of the European semester.

As in the first report on single market integration (for 2013), the second report (for 2014) focussed on key areas with the greatest growth potential: services, networks and the digital economy (page 1). These were discussed in the first part of the report, supported by studies about market performance and obstacle to EU integration. Each section was concluded by policy priorities:

  • Services markets (pages 3-7)
  • Financial services (pages 7-12)
  • Energy markets (pages 12-14)
  • Transport markets (pages 14-17)
  • Digital markets (pages 18-21)

The second part of the report dealt with  the state of single market integration, based on an analysis of value chains, i.e. the supply and purchase of production inputs (pages 21-23), followed by a one page annex with an internal market enforcement table (page 24).


Competitiveness Council

The Competitiveness Council (Internal Market, Industry, Research and Space) 2 and 3 December 2013 17141/1/13 REV 1 debated the European Semester 2014: industrial policy, single market and smart regulation (pages 10-11). With regard to the single market:

The Council adopted conclusions addressing three main strands that will lead to a better functioning internal market: governance of the single market; steps to unlock the full potential of the services sector and action to promote the transition to electronic procurement (16443/13).

Furthermore, the Commission presented the second edition of the annual "Single Market integration" report (16171/13).

The Council Conclusions on Single Market Policy 16443/13 started by emphasising single market governance. The Council greeted the single market integration report, but also wished for future improvements:

1. REITERATES that urgent measures are needed at the level of EU and Member States in order to boost growth and jobs and make Europe more competitive as a location for production and investment. RECOGNISES that deepening the Single Market by removing remaining unjustified barriers will be a key factor in order to achieve these objectives; HIGHLIGHTS the importance of streamlining existing structures in order to increase visibility and effectiveness of the Single Market policy.

2. WELCOMES the Annual Growth Survey and the second Annual Commission Report on the state of Single Market integration, and LOOKS FORWARD to a discussion on the policy priorities set out therein for both EU and Member State action.

3. AGREES that the results of the Annual Report should be fed into the European Semester process on a regular basis, both at EU and at Member State level. RECOGNISES the need for a stronger role of the High Level Group on Competitiveness and Growth in monitoring and providing guidance in that regard.  

4. NOTES that the analytical framework used as a basis for the Annual Report can still be strengthened with a view to getting a more comprehensive and operational picture as regards the functioning of the Single Market, including the application of its legal framework in the priority sectors for growth and jobs, and allowing for more evidence-based policy conclusions. INVITES the Commission to deepen the evidence base by also taking into account the perspective of businesses, in particular SMEs, and consumers.

5. WELCOMES the new online Single Market Scoreboard as a useful tool to monitor the application of EU law. INVITES the Commission together with Member States to put forward by the end of 2014, based on currently existing sources and data available to the Commission, a set of qualitative and quantitative indicators aimed at measuring inter alia the economic effects of application of the Single Market rules.

6. URGES Member States to properly and timely implement and enforce the rules of the Single Market so as to further unlock its growth potential. CALLS UPON the Commission for systematic monitoring of implementation and better enforcement of the Single Market rules, inter alia through the Country Specific Recommendations under the European Semester, in particular where those rules provide a significant contribution to the structural reforms.

7. HIGHLIGHTS the responsibility of the co-legislators and the Commission to ensure, throughout the legislative process, the consistency and quality of the EU legal framework without unnecessary regulatory burdens. The latter should be designed to enable businesses to sell goods and provide services everywhere in the EU, including online, without unjustified or disproportionate barriers. It should allow consumers to have access to the widest possible choice, whilst benefiting from a high level of consumer protection
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European Parliament
In the European Parliament, Sergio Gaetano Cofferati prepared a report for the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) on Single Market governance within the European Semester 2014 A7-0066/2014, which recalled that the IMCO Committee had drafted a legislative own-initiative report aimed at strengthening the governance of the Single Market so as to improve its functioning and contribute to driving forward the economic growth and job creation in Europe. A resolution with specific recommendations to the Commission was adopted in plenary on 7 February 2013.
[I mentioned the Andreas Schwab report A7-0019/2013 and the EP resolution P7_TA(2013)0054 with recommendations to the Commission on the governance of the Single Market in the Grahnlaw blog entry Single Market integration 2013 report and presented it in Swedish in the Grahnblawg post Europaparlamentet om styrningen av den inre marknaden.]

The European Parliament resolution of 25 February 2014 on Single Market governance within the European Semester 2014 P7_TA(2014)0130:

  • welcomed improvements made between the Commission’s first and second report on single market integration, but
  • called for further improvements, with regard to the Single Market as the third pillar of the European Semester,
  • considered that key sectors identified by the Commission – services, financial services, transport, energy and the digital market – remained decisive, but
  • also called for  a genuine European industrial policy, and
  • found that the Commission had made improvements of the kind the Parliament had called for in its 7 February 2013 resolution.


Ralf Grahn