EU TFEU: Economic circumstances of carriers

The impact of the EU Treaty of Lisbon is a hotly debated issue. Especially if we follow the bulk of the provisions, namely the current Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC), renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), we realise how little attention has been paid to the internal policy areas, with police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters the main exception (where most, but not all, member states want to achieve progress).

The main thrust of the Lisbon Treaty changes is institutional, not even adding significant areas of competence to the EU, but improving the procedures for making decisions by restricting the scope of debilitating national vetoes. At the same time, transparency and parliamentary scrutiny are improved.

The Transport Title is one example of internal policy areas with almost imperceptible change.

Now and in the future, the EU has to take account of the economic circumstances of carriers, when transport rates and conditions are decided.


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Article 94 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is found in the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, published in the Official Journal of the European Union, OJ 9.5.2008 C 115/86:

Part Three ‘Policies and internal actions of the Union’

Title VI TFEU ‘Transport’

Article 94 TFEU
(ex Article 74 TEC)

Any measures taken within the framework of the Treaties in respect of transport rates and conditions shall take account of the economic circumstances of carriers.

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In Article 2, point 71 of the Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) the intergovernmental conference (IGC 2007) mentioned Article 72 TEC and in point 72 it laid out the amendments to Article 75 TEC. Thus, there are no specific amendments to Article 74 TEC (OJ 17.12.2007 C 306/68).

The TFEU table of equivalences tells us that Article 74 TEC first became Article 74 TFEU (ToL), but later renumbered Article 94 TFEU in the consolidated version (OJ 17.12.2007 C 306/210).

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Article 74 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC) is found under Title V ‘Transport’ in the latest consolidated version of the current treaties (OJ 29.12.2006 C 321 E/71):

Article 74 TEC

Any measures taken within the framework of this Treaty in respect of transport rates and conditions shall take account of the economic circumstances of carriers.

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We can see one horizontal amendment, between the current TEC and the TFEU, when ‘this Treaty’ has been replaced by ‘the Treaties’ in accordance with Article 2, point 2(b), of the Treaty of Lisbon.

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Article III-137 of the draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe made no attempt to change the substance of the current Article 74 TEC (OJ 18.7.2003 C 169/54):

Article III-137 Draft Constitution

Any measures adopted within the framework of the Constitution in respect of transport rates and conditions shall take account of the economic circumstances of carriers.

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Article III-239 of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe adopted the text of the European Convention without change (OJ 16.12.2004 C 310/106).

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In other words, the only changes proposed during the different stages since the Treaty of Nice have been technical adjustments.

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We now check our modest conclusions against how others who have scrutinised the Lisbon Treaty have informed ratifying parliaments and the public.


United Kingdom

Professor Steve Peers covered the Treaty of Lisbon in a number of Statewatch Analyses. ‘EU Reform Treaty Analysis no. 3.3: Revised text of Part Three, Titles I to VI of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC): Internal Market and competition’ (Version 2, 23 October 2007) includes the current Title V Transport.

Peers highlighted the differences between the current Article 74 TEC, the Constitutional Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty, but found no need to comment on Article 74 TFEU (ToL), to be renumbered Article 94 TFEU in the consolidated version (page 21).

The analysis 3.3 and other useful Statewatch analyses are available through:

http://www.statewatch.org/euconstitution.htm

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The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) offers a convenient source of brief annotations on Lisbon Treaty amendments in ‘A comparative table of the current EC and EU treaties as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon’ (Command Paper 7311, published 21 January 2008). The comment on Article 94 TFEU, Article 74 TFEU (ToL) in the original Lisbon Treaty, is short and to the point (page 11):

“In substance the same as Article 74 TEC.”

The FCO comparative table is available at:

http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm73/7311/7311.asp

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The UK House of Commons Library Research Paper 07/86 ‘The Treaty of Lisbon: amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Community’ (published 6 December 2007) wrapped up Transport in a brief comment on page 56:

“F. Transport

Title V, Articles 70-80 (Constitution Articles III-236 – 245) are on transport and are based largely on Articles 70 – 75 TEC, but with a change in the voting procedure to the OLP with QMV, except for Article 72, which replaces unanimity in the Constitution Article III-237 with a “special legislative procedure”. Other, minor, changes are Article 75(c), which adds the EP to those bodies to be consulted, and Article 78 (Constitution Article III-243), allowing the Article concerning German unification to be repealed after 5 years.

Present Articles 154 – 156 on Trans-European Networks (TENS) have been moved to Title VII and contain only minor amendments.”

The Library Research Paper 07/86 is available at:

http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2007/rp07-086.pdf

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The House of Lords European Union Committee report ‘The Treaty of Lisbon: an impact assessment, Volume I: Report’ (HL Paper 62-I, published 13 March 2008) made no explicit reference to Article 94 TFEU.

The report is accessible at:

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/62/62.pdf

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Sweden

The consultation paper of the government of Sweden, ‘Lissabonfördraget; Statsrådsberedningen, Departementsserien (Ds), Ds 2007:48’ published 20 December 2007, bundled together transport and trans-European networks under the headline ‘Transporter och transeuropeiska nät’ (page 280 to 282).

The text offers an overview of the coming Title VI ‘Transport’ and mentions the fairly small amendments, but understandably has nothing specific to say about Article 74 TFEU (ToL), the future Article 94 TFEU.

The consultation paper ’Lissabonfördraget’ is available at:

http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/49/81/107aa077.pdf

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Finland

Even the methodical Finnish ratification bill, ‘Hallituksen esitys Eduskunnalle Euroopan unionista tehdyn sopimuksen ja Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen muuttamisesta tehdyn Lissabonin sopimuksen hyväksymisestä ja laiksi sen lainsäädännön alaan kuuluvien määräysten voimaansaattamisesta’ (HE 23/2008 vp), dutifully gives a brief explanation of Articles 73 and 74 TFEU (ToL), renumbered Articles 93 and 94 TFEU (page 206).

The Finnish ratification bill is available at:

http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2008/20080023.pdf

The Swedish language version of the ratification bill ‘Regeringens proposition till Riksdagen med förslag om godkännande av Lissabonfördraget om ändring av fördraget om Europeiska unionen och fördraget om upprättandet av Europeiska gemenskapen och till lag om sättande i kraft av de bestämmelser i fördraget som hör till området för lagstiftningen’ (RP 23/2008 rd), offers the same brief explanation on page 208.

The ratification bill in Swedish can be accessed at:

http://www.finlex.fi/sv/esitykset/he/2008/20080023.pdf

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From the angle of treaty change – the objective of this posting – Article 94 TFEU can be described in the same words as the previous provision, the subject of yesterday’s post: about as exciting as watching paint dry.

In its own way, Article 94 TFEU echoes the words of Article 91(1) TFEU about ‘taking into account the distinctive features of transport’ when implementing the common transport policy.

Nowadays, transport rates are more often set by the markets than by governments, so this part of Article 94 TFEU is less significant than formerly. Transport conditions, on the other hand, encompass a number of factors to be taken into account when measures are proposed.


Ralf Grahn